Anatomical study of jugular foramen in the neck

IntroductionThe anatomical complexity of the jugular foramen makes surgical procedures in this region delicate and difficult. Due to the advances in surgical techniques, approaches to the jugular foramen became more frequent, requiring improvement of the knowledge of this region anatomy.ObjectiveTo study the anatomy of the jugular foramen, internal jugular vein and glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves, and to identify the anatomical relationships among these structures in the jugular foramen region and lateral-pharyngeal space.MethodsA total of 60 sides of 30 non-embalmed cadavers were examined few hours after death. The diameters of the jugular foramen and its anatomical relationships were analyzed.ResultsThe diameters of the jugular foramen and internal jugular vein were greater on the right side in most studied specimens. The inferior petrosal sinus ended in the internal jugular vein up to 40 mm below the jugular foramen; in 5% of cases. The glossopharyngeal nerve exhibited an intimate anatomical relationship with the styloglossus muscle after exiting the skull, and the vagal nerve had a similar relationship with the hypoglossal nerve. The accessory nerve passed around the internal jugular vein via its anterior wall in 71.7% of cadavers.ConclusionAnatomical variations were found in the dimensions of the jugular foramen and the internal jugular vein, which were larger in size on the right side of most studied bodies; variations also occurred in the trajectory and anatomical relationships of the nerves. The petrosal sinus can join the internal jugular vein below the foramen.     

国家中医临床研究基地文献信息库系统研究与设计

以中国中医科学院广安门医院为例，介绍国家中医临床基地文献信息库建设原则，设计中医药特色文献系统，阐述系统架构、功能、建设步骤以及围绕基地3个重点病种建设的7个文献信息库主要内容。     

Health economic evidence gaps and methodological constraints in low back pain and neck pain: Results of the Research Agenda for Health Economic Evaluation (RAHEE) project

Despite the increased interest in economic evaluations, there are difficulties in applying the results of such studies in practice. Therefore, the “Research Agenda for Health Economic Evaluation” (RAHEE) project was initiated, which aimed to improve the use of health economic evidence in practice for the 10 highest burden conditions in the European Union (including low back pain [LBP] and neck pain [NP]). This was done by undertaking literature mapping and convening an Expert Panel meeting, during which the literature mapping results were discussed and evidence gaps and methodological constraints were identified. The current paper is a part of the RAHEE project and aimed to identify economic evidence gaps and methodological constraints in the LBP and NP literature, in particular.The literature mapping revealed that economic evidence was unavailable for various commonly used LBP and NP treatments (e.g., injections, traction, and discography). Even if economic evidence was available, many treatments were only evaluated in a single study or studies for the same intervention were highly heterogeneous in terms of their patient population, control condition, follow-up duration, setting, and/or economic perspective. Up until now, this has prevented economic evaluation results from being statistically pooled in the LBP and NP literature, and strong conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of LBP and NP treatments can therefore not be made. The Expert Panel identified the need for further high-quality economic evaluations, especially on surgery versus conservative care and competing treatment options for chronic LBP. Handling of uncertainty and reporting quality were considered the most important methodological challenges.     

A Soft,Flexible Stent/Bung for Marsupialisation

A soft flexible stent or bung for marsupialisation using putty elastomeric impression material rather than an acrylic bung.     

“领域本体七步法”在中医辨证推理知识库构建中的应用＊

中医辨证知识间高度的关联性导致在中医辨证智能化研究中，探索构建的中医辨证模型临床实用性不高。故探索一种可使辨证知识形成高度关联性的表达方法成为现阶段的一大研究方向。“领域本体七步法”是将零散的知识结构化的一种方法，本体、语义网和知识图谱均可在七步法的指导下形成结构化的知识表达体系。故本研究以“领域本体七步法”为指导方法，设计中医辨证知识图谱，使中医辨证知识之间形成一种结构化的连接，以加强知识之间的关联性，以期进一步构建高辨证性的中医辨证推理知识库。     

Mutational Signature Analysis Reveals NTHL1 Deficiency to Cause a Multi-tumor Phenotype

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